TOPIC:

I live in Tanzania and have come across several people with malaria who have been cured within 3 to 4 hours of their malaria by using MMS. The first person was a young girl of 23 years old called Rukia Seif who after testing positive for malaria decided not to take hospital drugs but to use MMS.

She took 15 drops in the evening went to sleep woke up 4 hours later due to neighbors firework display at midnight the same night and she felt completely free from malaria and has never looked back since just after this one dose without even repeating it, you can verify this by checking out here profile on Facebook and asking her directly: www.facebook.com/people/Rukia-Ally-Seif/1750571717

Second testimonial regarding Malaria can be verified by contacting my mate Nishal Van Loon again on FB

en-gb.facebook.com/people/Nishal-van-Loon/1272747711

He was a guest in my house and came down with malaria and we decided to do it scientifically this time by going to a hospital in Kinondoni area of Dar es Salaam and checking in their lab for malaria, surely the lab result came out as positive for malaria, we returned home, prepared a dose of 15 drops MMS, he drunk this, went to bed for 3 hours, the full time he sweated alot like he has never done so in his whole life, after 3 to 4 hours he repeated a second dose of 15 drops MMS and we drove back to the same hospital and lab where again he underwent a malaria test this time the result came out negative.

We produced the lab result to the la technician from 4 hours previous showing he was positive with malaria how is it possible to be negative and we had checked this at the same lab, we asked the lab technician to double check that he was really negative and e said yes the result is negative, we simply left te clinic hit the Mango Village Garden in Kinondoni for a big bowl of goat soup and Nishal came back who and wrote a testimonial to be sent to Jim Humble which I never got around to doing, but this is the truth and Nishal can be contacted through his FB profile for further verification.

Thirdly my own son Nabil has also contacted malaria in te past and used MMS, was cured immediately as the 2 persons above and anyone doubting my narratives about is free to contact me for further verification.

Awesome testimonials ZnzMagic! We never run into malaria here in the US so it helps a lot to have independent verification of the reports Jim Humble has given, especially about malaria. Thanks again partner, glad you joined!

Michael Harrah

On The Mechanisms Of Toxicity Of Chlorine Oxides Against Malarial Parasites

By Thomas Lee Hesselink, MD

bioredox.mysite.com/CLOXhtml/CLOXprnt+refs.htm

"""""Interesting link I thought I should share.....""""""

An Overview

Copyright September 6, 2007

* The purpose of this article is to propose research.
* Nothing in this article is intended as medical advice.
* No claims, promises nor guarantees are made.

ABSTRACT
Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) can be acidified as a convenient method to produce chlorine dioxide (ClO2) which is a strong oxidant and a potent disinfectant. A protocol has been developed whereby a solution of these compounds can be taken orally. This procedure rapidly eliminates malaria and other infectious agents in only one dose. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is highly reactive with thiols, polyamines, purines, certain amino acids and iron, all of which are necessary for the growth and survival of pathogenic microbes. Properly dosed this new treatment is tolerable orally with only transient side effects. More research to better document efficacy in malaria and in other infections is urgently called for.

DISCOVERY
Jim Humble, a modern gold prospecting geologist, needed to travel to malaria infested areas numerous times. He or his coworkers would on occassion contract malaria. At times access to modern medical treatment was absolutely unavailable. Under such dire circumstances it was found that a solution useful to sanitize drinking water was also effective to treat malaria if diluted and taken orally. [1a] Despite no formal medical training Mr. Humble had the innate wisdom to experiment with various dosage and administration techniques. Out of such necessity was invented an easy to use treatment for malaria which was found rapidly effective in almost all cases. [1b,1c]

References:

1a. Water disinfection for international and
wilderness travelers.
Backer H
Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Feb 1;34(3):355-64

1b. A Possible Solution to the Malaria Problem?
Humble J
Libertarian Times, May 9, 2005

1c. The Miracle Mineral Supplement of the 21st Century.
Humble JV
www.miraclemineral.org, 2nd Edition (2007)

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The procedure as used by Mr. Humble follows: A 28% stock solution of 80% (technical grade) sodium chlorite (NaClO2) is prepared. The remaining 20% is a mixture of the usual excipients necessary in the manufacture and stabilization of sodium chlorite powder or flake. Such are mostly sodium chloride (NaCl) ~19%, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) <1%, and sodium chlorate (NaClO3) <1%. The actual sodium chlorite present is therefore 22.4%. Using a medium caliber dropper (25 drops per cc), the usual administered dose per treatment is 6 to 15 drops. In terms of milligrams of sodium chlorite, this calculates out to 9mg per drop or 54mg to 135mg per treatment. Effectiveness is enhanced, if prior to administration the selected drops are premixed with 2.5 to 5 cc of table vinegar or lime juice or 5-10% citric acid and allowed to react for 3 minutes. The resultant solution is always mixed into a glass of water or apple juice and taken orally. The carboxylic acids neutralize the sodium hydroxide and at the same time convert a small portion of the chlorite (ClO2-) to its conjugate acid known as chlorous acid (HClO2). Under such conditions the chlorous acid will oxidize other chlorite anions and gradually produce chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Chlorine dioxide appears in solution as a yellow tint which smells exactly like elemental chlorine (Cl2). The above described procedure can be repeated a few hours later if necessary. Considerably lower dosing should be applied in children or in emaciated individuals scaled down according to size or weight. The diluted solution can be taken without food to enhance effectiveness but this often causes nausea. Drinking extra water usually relieves this. Nausea is less likely to occur if food is present in the stomach. Starchy food is preferable to protein as protein quenches chlorine dioxide. Significant amounts of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) must not be present at any point in the mixtures or else this will quench the chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and render it ineffective. For the same reason antioxidant supplements should not be taken on the day of treatment. Other side effects reported are transient vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, lethargy or malaise. [2a,2b]
References:

2a. The Miracle Mineral Supplement of the 21st Century.
Humble JV
www.miraclemineral.org, 2nd Edition (2007)

2b. personal communications from Mr. Jim Humble 2007

EXPLORING BENEFITS
I first learned of Jim Humble's remarkable discovery in the fall of 2006. That sodium chlorite or chlorine dioxide could kill parasites in vivo seemed immediately reasonable to me at the onset. It is well known that many disease causing organisms are sensitive to oxidants. Various compounds classifiable as oxides of chlorine such as sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide are already widely used as disinfectants. What is novel and exciting here is that Mr. Humble's technique seems: 1) easy to use, 2) rapidly acting, 3) successful, 4) apparently lacking in toxicity, and 5) affordable. If this treatment continues to prove effective, it could be used to help rid the world of one of the most devasting of all known plagues. [3a,3b,3c,3d,3e] Especially moving in me is the empathy I feel for anyone with a debilitating febrile illness. I cannot forget how horrible I feel whenever I have caught influenza. How much more miserable it must be to suffer like that again and again every 2 to 3 days as happens in malaria. Millions of people suffer this way year round. 1 to 3 million die from malaria every year mostly children. Thus motivated I sought to learn all I could about the chemistry of the oxides of chlorine. [4a-4hh] I wanted to understand their probable mechanisms of toxicity towards the causative agents of malaria (Plasmodium species). I wanted to check available literature pertaining to issues of safety or risk in human use.
References:

3a. Current status of malaria control.
Tripathi RP, Mishra RC, Dwivedi N, Tewari N, Verma SS
Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(22):2643-59

3b. Current status and progresses made in malaria chemotherapy.
Linares GE, Rodriguez JB
Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(3):289-314

3c. [various articles]
JAMA May23/30,2007 297(20)

3d. Malaria - Stopping a Global Killer.
Bedlam in the Blood - Malaria.
Finkel M, Stanmeyer J
National Geographic, Jul 2007, pp32-67

3e. An overview of chemotherapeutic targets
for antimalarial drug discovery.
Olliaro PL, Yuthavong Y
Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Feb;81(2):91-110

4a. Chlorine Oxygen Acids and Salts: Chlorine Dioxide.
Robson HL
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol 5,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2nd Ed. 1964 pp35-50

4b. The Chemistry of Chlorine Dioxide.
Gordon G, Kieffer RG, Rosenblatt DH
Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Vol 15,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1972 pp 201-286

4c. From Laboratory Curiosity to Heavy Chemical.
Rapson WH
Chemistry in Canada, 18:25-31, 1966

4d. Chlorine Dioxide: Chemical and Physical Properties.
Rosenblatt DH pp 332-343 in:
Ozone/Chlorine Dioxide Oxidation Products of Organic Materials.
Rice RG, Cotruvo JA editors,
International Ozone Institute & USEPA,
Ozone Press International, 1978

4e. Chlorine Dioxide: An Overview of its Preparation,
Properties and Uses
Gall RJ pp 356-382 in:
Ozone/Chlorine Dioxide Oxidation Products of Organic Materials.
Rice RG, Cotruvo JA editors,
International Ozone Institute & USEPA,
Ozone Press International, 1978

4f. Inorganic Chemistry.
Thorne PCL, Roberts ER
pp 368-371, 386-388
Interscience Publishers, Inc. 1949

4g. Introduction To Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
Durrant PJ, Durrant B
pp 937-942
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

4h. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry - A Comprehensive Text.
Cotton FA, Wilkinson G
pp 473-478
Interscience Publishers,

4i. Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry.
Brown GI
pp 292-295
Longman

4j. Inorganic Chemistry An Advanced Textbook.
Moeller T
pp 432-433,438-443
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

4k. Inorganic Chemistry A Guide To Advanced Study. 3rd Ed.
Heslop RB, Robinson PL
pp 528-533
Elsevier Publishing Company, 1967,

4L. Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry.
Douglas BE, McDaniel DH
pp 191-192
Blaisdell Publishing Company

4m. Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.
article regarding "chlorine"
p 99
McGraw-Hill

4n. The Chemical Elements And Their Compounds. Volume II.
Sidgwick NV
pp 1202-1207, 1224-1225
Oxford At The Clarendon Press

4o. Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry. 5th Edition.
Considine GD
article regarding "chlorine"
pp 371-372
Wiley-Interscience

4p. Inorganic Chemistry
Sharpe AG
pp 419-423
Longman Scientific & Technical

4q. Concise Inorganic Chemistry. 4th Edition.
Lee JD
pp 609-620
Chapman & Hall

4r. Comparative Inorganic Chemistry. 3rd Edition.
Moody B
pp 409-411,416,433-439
Edward Arnold

4s. The Chemistry of the Non-Metals
Jolly WL
pp 38-40
Prentice-Hall, Inc.

4t. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants
EPA Guidance Manual, April 1999,
4.1 Chlorine Dioxide Chemistry, pp 4-1 to 4-13

4u. Oxidation of Formaldehyde by Chlorite
in Basic and Slightly Acidic Media.
Chinake C, Olojo O, Simoyi RH
J Phys Chem A, 102 (3), 606-611, 1998

4v. General-Acid-Catalyzed Reactions of Hypochlorous Acid
and Acetyl Hypochlorite with Chlorite Ion.
Zhongjiang Jia, Dale W. Margerum,* and Joseph S. Francisco
Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana 47907 Received December 28, 1999

4w. Disproportionation of Chlorous Acid at a Strong Acidity.
Ni Y, Yin G
Ind Eng Chem Res, 1998, 37(6):2367-2372

4x. Kinetics and mechanism of chloride based chlorine
dioxide generation process from acidic sodium chlorate.
Deshwal BR, Lee HK
J Hazard Mater. 2004 May 20;108(3):173-82

4y. New pathways for chlorine dioxide decomposition
in basic solution.
Odeh IN, Francisco JS, Margerum DW
Inorg Chem. 2002 Dec 2;41(24):6500-6

4z. Kinetics and mechanisms of aqueous chlorine reactions
with chlorite ion in the presence of chloride ion and
acetic acid/acetate buffer.
Nicoson JS, Margerum DW
Inorg Chem. 2002 Jan 28;41(2):342-7

4aa. Kinetics and mechanism of catalytic decomposition and
oxidation of chlorine dioxide by the hypochlorite ion.
Csordy V, Bubnis B, FyyI, Gordon G
Inorg Chem. 2001 Apr 9;40(:1833-6

4bb. General-acid-catalyzed reactions of hypochlorous acid
and acetyl hypochlorite with chlorite ion.
Jia Z, Margerum DW, Francisco JS
Inorg Chem. 2000 Jun 12;39(12):2614-20

4cc. Mechanism of Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorate Ion Formation
from the Reaction of Hypobromous Acid and Chlorite Ion.
Furman CS, Margerum DW
Inorg Chem. 1998 Aug 24;37(17):4321-4327

4dd. The Three-Electron Bond in Chlorine Dioxide.
Brockway LO
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1933 Mar;19(3):303-7

4ee. Toxicological Review of Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite.
Integrated Risk Information System,
EPA/635/R-00/007, September 2000

4ff. Toxicological Profile for Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,
US Dept. Health and Human Services, September 2004

4gg. Technical note the pattern of ClO2 stabilized
by Na2CO3/H2O2.
Junli H, Lihua C, Zhenye Z
Water Res. 2001 Jul;35(10):2570-3

4hh. Control effects of p(epsilon) and pH on the
generation and stability of chlorine dioxide.
Pei YS, Wu XQ, Luan ZK, Wang T
J Environ Sci (China). 2003 Sep;15(5):680-4

OXIDANTS AS PHYSIOLOGIC AGENTS
Oxidants are atoms or molecules which take up electrons. Reductants are atoms or molecules which donate electrons to oxidants. I was already very familiar with most of the medicinally useful oxidants. I had taught at numerous seminars on their use and explained their mechanisms of action on the biochemical level. Examples are: hydrogen peroxide, zinc peroxide, various quinones, various glyoxals, ozone, ultraviolet light, hyperbaric oxygen, benzoyl peroxide, anodes, artemisinin, methylene blue, allicin, iodine and permanganate. Some work has been done using dilute solutions of sodium chlorite internally to treat fungal infections, chronic fatigue, and cancer; however, little has been published in that regard. [5a-5h]

Low dose oxidant exposure to living red blood cells induces a change in oxyhemoglobin (Hb-O2) activity so that more oxygen (O2) is released to tissues throughout the body. [6a-6d] Hyperbaric oxygenation (oxygen under pressure) is: 1) a powerful detoxifier against carbon monoxide; 2) a powerful support for natural healing in burns, crush injuries, and ischemic strokes; and 3) an effective aid to treat most bacterial infections. [7a-7d]

Taken internally, intermittently and in low doses many oxidants have been found to be powerful immune stimulants. Sodium chlorite acidified with lactic acid as in the product "WF10" has similarly been shown to modulate immune activation. Exposure of live blood to ultraviolet light also has immune enhancing effects. These treatments work through a natural physiologic trigger mechanism, which induces peripheral white blood cells to express and to release cytokines. These cytokines serve as a control system to down-regulate allergic reactions and as an alarm system to increase cellular attack against pathogens. [8a-8v]

Activated cells of the immune system naturally produce strong oxidants as part of the inflammatory process at sites of infection or cancer to rid the body of these diseases. Examples are: superoxide (*OO-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (HO*), singlet oxygen (O=O) and ozone (O3). [9a-9v] Another is peroxynitrate (-OONO) the coupled product of superoxide (*OO-) and nitric oxide (*NO) radicals. [10a-10h] Yet another is hypochlorous acid (HOCl) the conjugate acid of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO). [11a,11b,11c] The immune system uses these oxidants to attack various parasites. [12a,12b,12c]
References:

5a. O2xygen Therapies - A New Way Of Approching Disease.
McCabe E, 1988,
Energy Publication

5b. Oxygen Healing Therapies - For Optimum Health And Vitality,
Altman N, 1995,
Healing Arts Press

5c. The Use Of Ozone In Medicine,
Rilling S, Viebahn R, (1985/1987/1994)
Haug Publishers

5d. Biologically Closed Electric Circuits,
Nordenstrom BEW, 1983,
Nordic Medical Publications

5e. Regional Intra-Arterial Hydrogen Peroxide Infusion And
Irradiation In The Treatment Of Head And Neck Malignancies:
A Progress Report.
Mallams JT, Balla GA, Finney JW
Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol, 1963, Jul-Aug, 67:546-53

5f. War Against Microbes.
Bradford Research Institute
The Choice 28(2), 2001

5g. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
Rodriguez R
Consumer Health Organization of Canada. 1994 Apr;17(4)

5h. O2O2O2 - Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen -
Hydrogen Peroxide Magnesium Peroxide Chlorine Peroxide.
Donsbach KW, 1991,
Wholistic Publications

6a. Decreased level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and
alteration of structural integrity in erythrocytes
infected with Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
Dubey ML, Hegde R, Ganguly NK, Mahajan RC
Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 Apr;246(1-2):137-41

6b. Changes in haemoglobin binding curve and oxygen
transport in chronic hypoxic lung disease.
Flenley DC, Fairweather LJ, Cooke NJ, Kirby BJ
Br Med J. 1975 Mar 15;1(5958):602-4

6c. Glycolysis in human erythrocytes containing elevated
concentrations of 2, 3-P2-glycerate.
Duhm J
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975 Mar 14;385(1):68-80

6d. Oxygen-hemoglobulin dissociation curves:
effect of inherited enzyme defects of the red cell.
Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, Oski FA, Gottlieb AJ
Science. 1969 Aug 8;165(893):601-2

7a. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy:
using HBO therapy to increase circulation,
repair damaged tissue, fight infection, save limbs,
relieve pain, and more.
Neubauer RA, Walker M
Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, NY (1998)

7b. Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine.
Jain KK, Neubauer RA, et al
Hogrefe & Huber Publishing, (October 2004)

7c. The Oxygen Revolution - Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy:
the Groundbreaking New Treatment for: ...
Harch P, McCullough V, Duncan WA
Hatherleigh Press, (April 24, 2007)

7d. Hyperbaric Medicine Practice.
Kindwall EP, Whelan HT
Best Publishing Company, Flagstaff, AZ (1999)

8a. Survival Factor in Neoplastic and Viral Diseases.
Koch WF, 1961, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil,
Vanderkloot Press, Detroit, Michigan

8b. Hydrogen Peroxide Medical Miracle.
Douglass WC, 1996,
Second Opinion Publ Inc, Atlanta, GA

8c. Influenzal Pneumonia:
The Intravenous Injection Of Hydrogen Peroxide.
Oliver TH, Cantar BC, Murphy DV
The Lancet, 02-21-1920, pp 432-433

8d. Chlorite-hemoprotein interaction as key role for the
pharmacological activity of the chlorite-based drug WF10.
Schempp H, Reim M, Dornisch K, Elstner EF
Arzneimittelforschung. 2001;51(7):554-62

8e. Differential effects on innate versus
adaptive immune responses by WF10.
Giese T, McGrath MS, Stumm S, Schempp H, Elstner E,
Meuer SC
Cell Immunol. 2004 Jun;229(2):149-58

8f. Development of WF10, a novel macrophage-regulating agent.
McGrath MS, Kahn JO, Herndier BG
Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 Mar;3(3):365-73

8g. Balanced macrophage activation hypothesis:
a biological model for development of drugs targeted
at macrophage functional states.
McGrath MS, Kodelja V
Pathobiology. 1999;67(5-6):277-81

8h. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
of the immune modulator WF10 in patients with advanced AIDS.
Raffanti SP, Schaffner W, Federspiel CF, Blackwell RB,
Ching OA, Kuhne FW
Infection. 1998 Jul-Aug;26(4):202-7

8i. Into the Light.
Douglass WC, 1997,
Second Opinion Publishing Inc, Atlanta, GA

8j. Redox regulation of NF-kappa B activation.
Flohe L, Brigelius-Flohe R, Saliou C, Traber MG, Packer L
Free Radic Biol Med 1997;22(6):1115-26

8k. The role of nuclear factor-kappa B in cytokine gene
regulation.
Blackwell TS, Christman JW
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997 Jul;17(1):3-9

8L. Transcription factors as activators of gene transcription:
AP-1 and NF-kappa B.
Adcock IM
Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1997 Apr;52(2):178-86

8m. Regulation of the transcription factors NF-kappa B and
AP-1 by redox changes.
Meyer M, Pahl HL, Baeuerle PA
Chem Biol Interact 1994 Jun;91(2-3):91-100

8n. Modulation of transcription factor NF-kappa B binding
activity by oxidation-reduction in vitro.
Toledano MB, Leonard WJ
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991 May 15;88(10):4328-32

8o. Distinct effects of glutathione disulphide on the nuclear
transcription factor kappa B and the activator protein-1.
Galter D, Mihm S, Droge W
Eur J Biochem 1994 Apr 15;221(2):639-48

8p. Nuclear factor kappa B: an oxidative stress-responsive
transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review).
Schreck R, Albermann K, Baeuerle PA
Free Radic Res Commun 1992;17(4):221-37

8q. Functions of glutathione and glutathione disulfide
in immunology and immunopathology.
Droge W, Schulze-Osthoff K, Mihm S, Galter D, et al
FASEB J 1994 Nov;8(14):1131-8

8r. Modulation of monocyte chemokine production
and nuclear factor kappa B activity by oxidants.
Lee JS, Kahlon SS, Culbreth R, Cooper AD
J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999 Jul;19(7):761-7B

8s. Intracellular glutathione redox status modulates MCP-1
expression in pulmonary granulomatous vasculitis.
Desai A, Huang X, Warren JS
Lab Invest 1999 Jul;79(7):837-47

8t. Nuclear factor kappa B: a pivotal role in the systemic
inflammatory response syndrome and new target for therapy.
Christman JW, Lancaster LH, Blackwell TS
Intensive Care Med 1998 Nov;24(11):1131-8
Comment in: Intensive Care Med 1998 Nov;24(11):1129-30

8u. Differential regulation of extracellular signal-regulated
kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B signal transduction pathways
by hydrogen peroxide and tumor necrosis factor.
Milligan SA, Owens MW, Grisham MB
Arch Biochem Biophys 1998 Apr 15;352(2):255-62

8v. Hydrogen peroxide as a potent activator
of T lymphocyte functions.
Los M, Dröge W, Stricker K, Baeuerle PA, Schulze-Osthoff K
Eur J Immunol 1995 Jan; 25(1):159-65

9a. Hydrogen Peroxide in Human Blood.
Varma SD, Devamanoharan PS
Free Radic Res Commun. 1991;14(2):125-31

9b. Histochemical demonstration of hydrogen peroxide
production by leukocytes in fixed-frozen tissue sections
of inflammatory lesions.
Dannenberg AM Jr, Schofield BH, Rao JB, Dinh TT, Lee K,
Boulay M, Abe Y, Tsuruta J, Steinbeck MJ
J Leukoc Biol. 1994 Oct;56(4):436-43

9c. Interferon-gamma activates the oxidative killing
of Candida albicans by human granulocytes.
Stevenhagen A, van Furth R
Clin Exp Immunol. 1993 Jan;91(1):170-5

9d. Hydrogen peroxide production by alveolar type II cells,
alveolar macrophages, and endothelial cells.
Kinnula VL, Everitt JI, Whorton AR, Crapo JD
Am J Physiol. 1991 Aug;261(2 Pt 1):L84-91

9e. Stimulation of the respiratory burst and promotion
of bacterial killing in human granulocytes
by intravenous immunoglobulin preparations.
Marodi L, Kalmar A, Karmazsin L
Clin Exp Immunol. 1990 Feb;79(2):164-9

9f. Neutrophils may directly synthesize both H2O2 and O2- since
surface stimuli induce their release in stimulus-specific ratios.
Hoffstein ST, Gennaro DE, Manzi RM
Inflammation. 1985 Dec;9(4):425-37

9g. Quantitative and temporal characterization of the
extracellular H2O2 pool generated by human neutrophils.
Test ST, Weiss SJ
J Biol Chem. 1984 Jan 10;259(1):399-405

9h. Hydrogen peroxide release from eosinophils: quantitative,
comparative studies of human and guinea pig eosinophils.
Pincus SH
J Invest Dermatol. 1983 Apr;80(4):278-81

9i. Pyridine nucleotide-dependent generation of hydrogen peroxide
by a particulate fraction from human neutrophils.
DeChatelet LR, Shirley PS
J Immunol. 1981 Mar;126(3):1165-9

9j. Comparative studies on alveolar macrophages
and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. I. H2O2 and O2-
generation by rabbit alveolar macrophages.
Yamaguchi T, Kakinuma K, Kaneda M, Shimada K
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1980 May;87(5):1449-55

9k. Interrelationship between oxygen consumption,
superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide formation
in phagocytosing guinea pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
Dri P, Bellavite P, Berton G, Rossi F
Mol Cell Biochem. 1979 Jan 26;23(2):109-22

9L. Hydrogen peroxide production and killing of Staphylococcus
aureus by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Tsan MF, Douglass KH, McIntyre PA
Blood. 1977 Mar;49(3):437-44

9m. The role of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide
in phagocytosis-associated oxidative metabolic reactions.
Baehner RL, Murrmann SK, Davis J, Johnston RB Jr
J Clin Invest. 1975 Sep;56(3):571-6

9n. H2O2 release from human granulocytes during phagocytosis.
I. Documentation, quantitation, and some regulating factors.
Root RK, Metcalf J, Oshino N, Chance B
J Clin Invest. 1975 May;55(5):945-55

9o. Production of hydrogen peroxide
by phagocytizing human granulocytes.
Homan-Muller JW, Weening RS, Roos D
J Lab Clin Med. 1975 Feb;85(2):198-207

9p. Singlet excited oxygen as a mediator
of the antibacterial action of leukocytes.
Krinsky NI
Science. 1974 Oct 25;186(4161):363-5

9q. Biological defense mechanisms. The production
by leukocytes of superoxide, a potential bactericidal agent.
Babior BM, Kipnes RS, Curnutte JT
J Clin Invest. 1973 Mar;52(3):741-4

9r. The H2O2-production by polymorphonuclear
leukocytes during phagocytosis.
Zatti M, Rossi F, Patriarca P
Experientia. 1968 Jul 15;24(7):669-70

9s. A new method for the detection of hydroxyl radical
production by phagocytic cells.
Sagone AL Jr, Decker MA, Wells RM, Democko C
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Feb 21;628(1):90-7

9t. Human granulocyte generation of hydroxyl radical.
Weiss SJ, Rustagi PK, LoBuglio AF
J Exp Med. 1978 Feb 1;147(2):316-23

9u. Production of singlet oxygen by eosinophils activated
in vitro by C5a and leukotriene B4.
Teixeira MM, Cunha FQ, Noronha-Dutra A, Hothersall J
FEBS Lett. 1999 Jun 25;453(3):265-8

9v. Investigating antibody-catalyzed ozone generation
by human neutrophils.
Babior BM, Takeuchi C, Ruedi J, Gutierrez A, Wentworth P
PNAS, Mar 18, 2003, 100(6):3031-3034

10a. Free radicals generation by granulocytes
from men during bed rest.
Pawlak W, Kedziora J, Zolynski K, Kedziora-Kornatowska
K, Blaszczyk J, Witkowski P
J Gravit Physiol. 1998 Jul;5(1):P131-2

10b. Eosinophils are a major source of nitric oxide-derived
oxidants in severe asthma: characterization of pathways
available to eosinophils for generating reactive
nitrogen species.
MacPherson JC, Comhair SA, Erzurum SC, Klein DF,
Lipscomb MF, Kavuru MS, Samoszuk MK, Hazen SL
J Immunol. 2001 May 1;166(9):5763-72

10c. Helicobacter pylori urease suppresses bactericidal
activity of peroxynitrite via carbon dioxide production.
Kuwahara H, Miyamoto Y, Akaike T, Kubota T, Sawa T,
Okamoto S, Maeda H
Infect Immun. 2000 Aug;68(:4378-83

10d. Kinetics of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide
production and formation of peroxynitrite during
the respiratory burst of human neutrophils.
Carreras MC, Pargament GA, Catz SD, Poderoso JJ,
Boveris A
FEBS Lett. 1994 Mar 14;341(1):65-8

10e. Biological aspects of reactive nitrogen species.
Patel RP, McAndrew J, Sellak H, White CR, Jo H,
Freeman BA, Darley-Usmar VM
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 May 5;1411(2-3):385-400

10f. Peroxynitrite production by human neutrophils,
monocytes and lymphocytes challenged with lipopolysaccharide.
Gagnon C, Leblond FA, Filep JG
FEBS Lett. 1998 Jul 10;431(1):107-10

10g. Superoxide and peroxynitrite generation
from inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages.
Xia Y, Zweier JL
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jun 24;94(13):6954-8

10h. Peroxynitrite formation from activated human leukocytes.
Fukuyama N, Ichimori K, Su Z, Ishida H, Nakazawa H
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Jul 16;224(2):414-9

11a. Chlorination of Taurine by Human Neutrophils -
Evidence for Hypochlorous Acid Generation.
Weiss SJ, Klein R, Slivka A, Wei M
J Clin Invest, Sep 1982, 70:598-607

11b. Role of myeloperoxidase in the respiratory burst
of human neutrophils.
Nauseef WM, Metcalf JA, Root RK
Blood. 1983 Mar;61(3):483-92

11c. Role of myeloperoxidase-mediated antimicrobial
systems in intact leukocytes.
Klebanoff SJ, Hamon CB
J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1972 Aug;12(2):170-96

12a. Human mononuclear phagocyte antiprotozoal mechanisms:
oxygen-dependent vs oxygen-independent activity
against intracellular Toxoplasma gondii.
Murray HW, Rubin BY, Carriero SM, Harris AM, Jaffee EA
J Immunol. 1985 Mar;134(3):1982-8

12b. Phagocytosis and killing of the protozoan Leishmania
donovani by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Pearson RD, Steigbigel RT
J Immunol. 1981 Oct;127(4):1438-43

12c. The role of the phagocyte in host-parasite interactions.
The direct quantitative estimation of H2O2 in phagocytizing cells.
Paul B, Sbarra AJ
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1968 Feb 1;156(1):168-78

OXIDES OF CHLORINE AS DISINFECTANTS
All bacteria have been shown to be incabable of growing in any medium in which the oxidants (electron grabbers) out- number the reductants (electron donors). [13a] Therefore, oxidants are at least bacteriostatic and at most are bacteriocidal. [13b] Many oxidants have been proven useful as antibacterial disinfectants. [13c,13d] Hypochlorites (ClO-) are commonly used as bleaching agents, as swimming pool sanitizers, and as disinfectants. At low concentrations chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been shown to kill many types of bacteria [14a-14j], viruses [15a-15L] and protozoa [16a-16f]. Ozone (O3) or chlorine dioxide (ClO2) are often used to disinfect public water supplies or to sanitize and deodorize waste water. [17a-17L] Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) or chlorine dioxide (ClO2) solutions are used in certain mouth washes to clear mouth odors and oral bacteria. [18a-18i] Chlorine dioxide sanitizes food preparation facilities. [19a] Acidified sodium chlorite is FDA approved as a spray in the meat packing industry to sanitized meat. [20a-20g] This can also be used to sanitize vegetables and other foods. [21a,21b] Farmers use this to cleanse the udders of cows to prevent mastitis, [22a,22b,22c] or to rid eggs of pathogenic bacteria. Chlorine dioxide can be used to disinfect endoscopes. [23a] Oxidants such as iodine, various peroxides, permanganate and chlorine dioxide can be applied topically to the skin to treat infections caused by bacteria or fungi. [24a-24d]
References:

13a. Oxidation-Reduction Potentials In Bacteriology And
Biochemistry.
L F Hewitt, 6th Ed, E. & S. Livingston Ltd., 1950

13b. Role of Oxidants in Microbial Pathophysiology.
R A Miller, B E Britigan
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 10(1):1-18, Jan 1997

13c. Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action and Resistance.
by G McDonnell & A D Russell
Clinical Microbiology Reviews, pp 147-179, Jan 1999

13d. Treatment with oxidizing agents damages the inner
membrane of spores of Bacillus subtilis and sensitizes
spores to subsequent stress.
Cortezzo DE, Koziol-Dube K, Setlow B, Setlow P
J Appl Microbiol. 2004;97(4):838-52

14a. Mechanisms of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores
by hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide.
Young SB, Setlow P.
J Appl Microbiol. 2003;95(1):54-67

14b. Inactivation of bacteria by Purogene.
Harakeh S, Illescas A, Matin A.
J Appl Bacteriol. 1988 May;64(5):459-63

14c. The inhibitory effect of Alcide, an antimicrobial drug,
on protein synthesis in Escherichia coli.
Scatina J, Abdel-Rahman MS, Goldman E.
J Appl Toxicol. 1985 Dec;5(6):388-94

14d. Bactericidal properties of chlorine dioxide.
Ridenour GM, Ingols RS
J Am Water Works Assn, 1947 39:561-567

14e. Bactericidal effects of chlorine dioxide.
Ridenour GM, Armbruster EH
J Am Water Works Assn, 1949 41:537-550

14f. Sporicidal properties of chlorine dioxide.
Ridenour GM, Ingols RS, Armbruster EH
Water & Sewage Works, 1949 96(:1

14g. Efficacy of chlorine dioxide as a bacteriocide.
Bernarde MA, Isreal BM, Olivieri VP, Granstrom ML
Appl Microbiol, 1965, 13(5):776-780

14h. Kinetics and mechanism of bacterial disinfection
by chlorine dioxide.
Bernarde MA, Snow WB, Olivieri VP, Davidson B
Appl Microbiol, 1967, 15(2):257-265

14i. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants
EPA Guidance Manual, April 1999,
4.4 Pathogen Inactivation and Disinfection Efficacy,
pp 4-15 to 4-22

14j. Evaluation of ultrasonic scaling unit waterline
contamination after use of chlorine dioxide mouthrinse
lavage.
Wirthlin MR, Marshall GW JR
J Periodontol. 2001 Mar;72(3):401-10

15a. Degradation of the Poliovirus 1 genome
by chlorine dioxide.
Simonet J, Gantzer C
J Appl Microbiol. 2006 Apr;100(4):862-70

15b. Inactivation of enteric adenovirus and feline
calicivirus by chlorine dioxide.
Thurston-Enriquez JA, Haas CN, Jacangelo J, Gerba CP
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jun;71(6):3100-5

15c. Mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis A virus
in water by chlorine dioxide.
Li JW, Xin ZT, Wang XW, Zheng JL, Chao FH
Water Res. 2004 Mar;38(6):1514-9

15d. Virucidal efficacy of four new disinfectants.
Eleraky NZ, Potgieter LN, Kennedy MA
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2002 May-Jun;38(3):231-4

15e. Chlorine dioxide sterilization of red blood cells
for transfusion, additional studies.
Rubinstein A, Chanh T, Rubinstein DB.
Int Conf AIDS. 1994 Aug 7-12; 10: 235 (abstract no. PB0953).
U.S.C. School of Medicine, Los Angeles

15f. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by a
medical waste disposal process using chlorine dioxide.
Farr RW, Walton C
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1993 Sep;14(9):527-9

15g. Inactivation of human and simian rotaviruses
by chlorine dioxide.
Chen YS, Vaughn JM
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 May;56(5):1363-6

15h. Disinfecting capabilities of oxychlorine compounds.
Noss CI, Olivieri VP
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Nov;50(5):1162-4

15i. Mechanisms of inactivation of poliovirus
by chlorine dioxide and iodine.
Alvarez ME, O'Brien RT
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Nov;44(5):1064-71

15j. A comparison of the virucidal properties of chlorine,
chlorine dioxide, bromine chloride and iodine.
Taylor GR, Butler M
J Hyg (Lond). 1982 Oct;89(2):321-8

15k. Inactivation of Poliomyelitis Virus by "Free" Chlorine.
Ridennour GM, Ingols RS
Am J Pub Health, 1946, 36(6):639

15L. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants
EPA Guidance Manual, April 1999,
4.4 Pathogen Inactivation and Disinfection Efficacy,
pp 4-15 to 4-22

16a. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants
EPA Guidance Manual, April 1999,
4.4 Pathogen Inactivation and Disinfection Efficacy,
pp 4-15 to 4-22

16b. Cysticidal effect of chlorine dioxide on Giardia
intestinalis cysts.
Winiecka-Krusnell J, Linder E
Acta Trop. 1998 Jul 30;70(3):369-72

16c. Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and
monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability.
Korich DG, Mead JR, Madore MS, Sinclair NA, Sterling CR
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 May;56(5):1423-8

16d. The effect of 'Alcide' on 4 strains of rodent
coccidial oocysts.
Owen DG
Lab Anim. 1983 Oct;17(4):267-9

16e. Water Treatment and Pathogen Control -
Process Efficiency in Achieving Safe Drinking Water.
LeChevallier MW, Au KK
Section 3.3.3 Chlorine dioxide pp 52-54
World Health Organization, IWA Publishing, 2004

16f. Sequential inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum
oocysts with chlorine dioxide followed by free chlorine
or monochloramine.
Corona-Vasquez B, Rennecker JL, Driedger AM, Mariñas BJ
Water Res. 2002 Jan;36(1):178-88

17a. Disinfectant efficacy of chlorite and
chlorine dioxide in drinking water biofilms.
Gagnon GA, Rand JL, O'leary KC, Rygel AC, Chauret C, Andrews RC
Water Research, 39(9):1809-17, May 2005

17b. Pure Water Handbook.
Osmonics, Inc. Minnetonka, Minnesota

17c. Use Of Chlorine Dioxide In Water And Wastewater Treatment.
Sussman S, Rauh JS pp 344-355 in:
Ozone/Chlorine Dioxide Oxidation Products of Organic Materials.
Rice RG, Cotruvo JA editors,
International Ozone Institute & USEPA,
Ozone Press International, 1978

17d. Disinfection: Water and Wastewater.
Johnson JD
Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc. 1975

17e. Chlorine dioxide in potable water treatment.
Dowling LT
Water Treat. & Exam. 1974, 23:190-204

17f. Generation and use of chlorine dioxide in water treatment.
Granstrom ML, Lee GF
J Am Water Works Assn, 1958, 50:1453-1466

17g. Use of chlorine dioxide to disinfect water supplies.
Augenstein HW
J Am Water Works Assn, 1974, 66(12):716-717

17h. Water Treatment and Pathogen Control -
Process Efficiency in Achieving Safe Drinking Water.
LeChevallier MW, Au KK
Section 3.3.3 Chlorine dioxide pp 52-54
World Health Organization, IWA Publishing, 2004

17i. Matching odour treatment processes to odour resources.
Jeavons J, Hodgson P, Upton J
Water Science and Technology, 2000, 41(9):227-232

17j. The effect of predisinfection with chlorine dioxide
on the formation of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes
in a drinking water supply.
Harris CL
Thesis submitted to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, July 27,2001

17k. Effect of pH and temperature on the kinetics
of odor oxidation using chlorine dioxide.
Kastner JR, Das KC, Hu C, McClendon R
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2003 Oct;53(10):1218-24

17L. Development of chlorine dioxide-related by-product
models for drinking water treatment.
Korn C, Andrew RC, Escobar MD
Water Res. 2002 Jan;36(1):330-42

18a. Cadaverine as a putative component of oral malodor.
Goldberg S, Kozlovsky A, Gordon D, Gelernter I,
Sintov A, Rosenberg M
J Dent Res. 1994 Jun;73(6):1168-72

18b. A multifactorial investigation of the ability of oral
health care products (OHCPs) to alleviate oral malodour.
Silwood CJ, Grootveld MC, Lynch E
J Clin Periodontol. 2001 Jul;28(7):634-41

18c. Use of 0.1% chlorine dioxide to inhibit the formation
of morning volatile sulphur compounds (VSC).
Peruzzo DC, Jandiroba PF, Nogueira Filho Gda R
Braz Oral Res. 2007 Jan-Mar;21(1):70-4

18d. Use of chlorine dioxide mouthrinse
as the ultrasonic scaling lavage reduces
the viable bacteria in the generated aerosols.
Wirthlin MR, Choi JH, Kye SB
J West Soc Periodontol Periodontal Abstr. 2006;54(2):35-44

18e. Use of a novel group of oral malodor measurements
to evaluate an anti-oral malodor mouthrinse (TriOralTM)
in humans.
Codipilly DP, Kaufman HW, Kleinberg I
J Clin Dent. 2004;15(4):98-104

18f. The clinical and microbiological effects of a novel
acidified sodium chlorite mouthrinse on oral bacterial
mucosal infections.
Fernandes-Naglik L, Downes J, Shirlaw P, Wilson R,
Challacombe SJ, Kemp GK, Wade WG
Oral Dis. 2001 Sep;7(5):276-80

18g. Efficacy of a chlorine dioxide-containing
mouthrinse in oral malodor.
Frascella J, Gilbert RD, Fernandez P, Hendler J
Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000 Mar;
21(3):241-4, 246, 248 passim; quiz 256

18h. Odor reduction potential
of a chlorine dioxide mouthrinse.
Frascella J, Gilbert R, Fernandez P
J Clin Dent. 1998;9(2):39-42

18i. Use of a metastabilized chlorous acid/chlorine dioxide
formulation as a mouthrinse for plaque reduction.
Goultschin J, Green J, Machtei E, Stabholz A, Brayer L,
Schwartz Z, Sela MN, Soskolne A
Isr J Dent Sci. 1989 Oct;2(3):142-7

19a. Use of chlorine dioxide for cannery sanitation and
water conservation.
Welch JL, Folinazzo JF
Food Technology, 1959, 13(3):179-182

20a. Effects of Carcass Washing Systems on Campylobacter
Contamination in Large Broiler Processing Plants
by M P Bashor,
Masters Thesis, North Carolina State University, Dec 2002

20b. Research Project Outline #4111,
by C N Cutter, Penn State Univ, Nov 2005

20c. Validation of the use of organic acids and acidified
sodium chlorite to reduce Escherichia coli O157 and
Salmonella typhimurium in beef trim and ground beef
in a simulated processing environment.
by Harris K, Miller MF, Loneragan GH, Brashears MM.
J Food Prot. 69(:1802-7, Aug 2006

20d. Decreased dosage of acidified sodium chlorite reduces
microbial contamination and maintains organoleptic
qualities of ground beef products.
Bosilevac JM, Shackelford SD, Fahle R, Biela T, Koohmaraie M.
J Food Prot. 2004 Oct;67(10):2248-54

20e. The Evaluation of Antimicrobial Treatments for
Poultry Carcasses
European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-
General, April 2003

20f. Determination of chlorate and chlorite and mutagenicity
of seafood treated with aqueous chlorine dioxide.
Kim J, Marshall MR, Du WX, Otwell WS, Wei CI
J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Sep;47(9):3586-91

20g. Acidified sodium chlorite solutions.
Food and Drug Administration, HHS, pp143-144,
Section 173.325, 21CFR Ch.1 (4-1-07 Edition)

21a. Review - Application of Acidified Sodium Chlorite
to Improve the Food Hygiene of Lightly Fermented Vegetables.
by Y Inatsu, L Bari, S Kawamoto
JARC 41(1 , pp 17-23, 2007

21b. Reactions of aqueous chlorine and chlorine dioxide
with model food compounds.
Fukayama MY, Tan H, Wheeler WB, Wei CI
Environ Health Perspect. 1986 Nov;69:267-74

22a. Efficacy of Two Barrier Teat Dips Containing Chlorous
Acid Germicides Against Experimental Challenge ...
by R L Boddie, S C Nickerson, G K Kemp
Journal of Dairy Science, 77 (10):3192-3197, 1994

22b. Evaluation of a Chlorous Experimental and Natural Acid
Chlorine Dioxide Teat Dip Under Experimental and Natural
Exposure Conditions
by P A Drechsler, E E Wildman, J W Pankey
Journal of Dairy Science, 73 (:2121, 1990

22c. Preventing Bovine Mastitis by a Postmilking Teat
Disinfectant Containing Acidified Sodium Chlorite
by J E Hillerton, J Cooper, J Morelli
Journal of Dairy Science, 90:1201-1208, 2007

23a. Endoscope disinfection using chlorine dioxide
in an automated washer-disinfector.
Isomoto H, Urata M, Kawazoe K, Matsuda J, Nishi Y, Wada
A, Ohnita K, Hirakata Y, Matsuo N, Inoue K, Hirayama T,
Kamihira S, Kohno S
J Hosp Infect. 2006 Jul;63(3):298-305

24a. Clinical and microbiological efficacy of chlorine dioxide
in the management of chronic atrophic candidiasis: an open study.
Mohammad AR, Giannini PJ, Preshaw PM, Alliger H.
Int Dent J. 2004 Jun;54(3):154-8

24b. Using a chlorine dioxide antibacterial gel
for soft tissue healing.
Babad MS
Dent Today. 1999 Jun;18(6):88-9

24c. Subchronic dermal toxicity studies
of Alcide Allay gel and liquid in rabbits.
Abdel-Rahman MS, Skowronski GA, Turkall RM, Gerges SE,
Kadry AR, Abu-Hadeed AH
J Appl Toxicol. 1987 Oct;7(5):327-33

24d. Pharmacodynamics of alcide, a new antimicrobial
compound, in rat and rabbit.
Scatina J, Abdel-Rahman MS, Gerges SE, Khan MY, Gona O
Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1984 Jun;4(3 Pt 1):479-84

MALARIA IS OXIDANT SENSITIVE
From November 2006 through May of 2007 I spent hundreds of hours searching biochemical literature and medical literature pertaining to the biochemistry of Plasmodia. Four species are commonly pathogenic in humans namely: Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae. What I found was an abundance of confirmation that, just like bacteria, Plasmodia are indeed quite sensitive to oxidants. [25a-25p]. Examples of oxidants toxic to Plasmodia include: artemisinin, artemether [26a-26n], t-butyl hydroperoxide [27a], xanthone [28a], various quinones [29a-29m] (e.g. atovaquone, lapachol, beta-lapachone, menadione) and methylene blue [30a-30i].
References:

25a. Double-drug development against antioxidant enzymes
from Plasmodium falciparum.
Biot C, Dessolin J, Grellier P, Davioud-Charvet E
Redox Rep. 2003;8(5):280-3

25b. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses:
a target for the treatment of diseases caused
by parasitic protozoa.
Turrens JF
Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Feb-Apr;25(1-2):211-20

25c. Vampires, Pasteur and reactive oxygen species.
Is the switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism
a preventive antioxidant defence in blood-feeding
parasites?
Oliveira PL, Oliveira MF
FEBS Lett. 2002 Aug 14;525(1-3):3-6

25d. The role of cell-mediated immune responses
in resistance to malaria, with special reference
to oxidant stress.
Allison AC, Eugui EM
Annu Rev Immunol. 1983;1:361-92

25e. Thalassaemia trait, red blood cell age and oxidant
stress: effects on Plasmodium falciparum growth and
sensitivity to artemisinin.
Senok AC, Nelson EA, Li K, Oppenheimer SJ
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997 Sep-Oct;91(5):585-9

25f. Antiplasmodial activity of nitroaromatic and
quinoidal compounds: redox potential vs. inhibition
of erythrocyte glutathione reductase.
Grellier P, Sarlauskas J, Anusevicius Z, Maroziene A,
Houee-Levin C, Schrevel J, Cenas N
Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Sep 15;393(2):199-206

25g. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates and
products from polyamine degradation are Babesiacidal
in vitro.
Johnson WC, Cluff CW, Goff WL, Wyatt CR
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 Jul 23;791:136-47

25h. Amine peroxides as potential antimalarials.
Vennerstrom JL
J Med Chem. 1989 Jan;32(1):64-7

25i. Thalassaemia trait, red blood cell age and oxidant
stress: effects on Plasmodium falciparum growth and
sensitivity to artemisinin.
Senok AC, Nelson EA, Li K, Oppenheimer SJ
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997 Sep-Oct;91(5):585-9

25j. Protection against murine cerebral malaria
by dietary-induced oxidative stress.
Levander OA, Fontela R, Morris VC, Ager AL Jr
J Parasitol. 1995 Feb;81(1):99-103

25k. Antioxidant defense mechanisms in parasitic protozoa.
Mehlotra RK
Crit Rev Microbiol. 1996;22(4):295-314

25L. Killing of Plasmodium yoelii by enzyme-induced
products of the oxidative burst.
Dockrell HM, Playfair JH
Infect Immun. 1984 Feb;43(2):451-6

25m. Toxicity of certain products of lipid peroxidation
to the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
Clark IA, Butcher GA, Buffinton GD, Hunt NH, Cowden WB
Biochem Pharmacol. 1987 Feb 15;36(4):543-6

25n. Oxidative stress and malaria-infected erythrocytes.
Mishra NC, Kabilan L, Sharma A
Indian J Malariol. 1994 Jun;31(2):77-87

25o. Killing of blood-stage murine malaria parasites
by hydrogen peroxide.
Dockrell HM, Playfair JH
Infect Immun. 1983 Jan;39(1):456-9

25p. Evidence for reactive oxygen intermediates
causing hemolysis and parasite death in malaria.
Clark IA, Hunt NH
Infect Immun. 1983 Jan;39(1):1-6

26a. Mechanism-based design of parasite-targeted
artemisinin derivatives: synthesis and antimalarial activity
of new diamine containing analogues.
Hindley S, Ward SA, Storr RC, Searle NL, Bray PG, Park BK,
Davies J, O'Neill PM
J Med Chem. 2002 Feb 28;45(5):1052-63

26b. Proposed reductive metabolism of artemisinin
by glutathione transferases in vitro.
Mukanganyama S, Naik YS, Widersten M, Mannervik B,
Hasler JA
Free Radic Res. 2001 Oct;35(4):427-34

26c. Effect of dihydroartemisinin on the antioxidant
capacity of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes.
Ittarat W, Sreepian A, Srisarin A, Pathepchotivong K
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003 Dec;34(4):744-50

26d. Evidence that haem iron in the malaria parasite is
not needed for the antimalarial effects of artemisinin.
Parapini S, Basilico N, Mondani M, Olliaro P,
Taramelli D, Monti D
FEBS Lett. 2004 Sep 24;575(1-3):91-4

26e. Why artemisinin and certain synthetic peroxides are
potent antimalarials. Implications for the mode of action.
Jefford CW
Curr Med Chem. 2001 Dec;8(15):1803-26

26f. Redox reaction of artemisinin with ferrous
and ferric ions in aqueous buffer.
Sibmooh N, Udomsangpetch R, Kujoa A, Chantharaksri U,
Mankhetkorn S
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2001 Dec;49(12):1541-6

26g. Artemisinin and the antimalarial endoperoxides:
from herbal remedy to targeted chemotherapy.
Meshnick SR, Taylor TE, Kamchonwongpaisan S
Microbiol Rev. 1996 Jun;60(2):301-15

26h. The mode of action of antimalarial endoperoxides.
Meshnick SR
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994 Jun;88 Suppl 1:S31

26i. Iron-dependent free radical generation from the
antimalarial agent artemisinin (qinghaosu).
Meshnick SR, Yang YZ, Lima V, Kuypers F,
Kamchonwongpaisan S, Yuthavong Y
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 May;37(5):1108-14

26j. Effect of beta-arteether treatment on erythrocytic
methemoglobin reductase system in Plasmodium yoelii
nigeriensis infected mice.
Srivastava S, Alhomida AS, Siddiqi NJ, Pandey VC, Puri SK
Drug Chem Toxicol. 2001 May;24(2):181-90

26k. In vitro assessment of methylene blue on chloroquine-
sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains
reveals synergistic action with artemisinins.
Akoachere M, Buchholz K, Fischer E, Burhenne J,
Haefeli WE, Schirmer RH, Becker K
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Nov;49(11):4592-7

26L. Studies on hepatic oxidative stress and antioxidant
defence systems during arteether treatment of
Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infected mice.
Siddiqi NJ, Pandey VC
Mol Cell Biochem. 1999 Jun;196(1-2):169-73

26m. Effect of sodium artesunate on malaria infected human
erythrocytes.
Pan HZ, Lin FB, Zhang ZA
Proc Chin Acad Med Sci Peking Union Med Coll. 1989;4(4):181-5

26n. [Peroxidative antimalaria mechanism of sodium artesunate]
Li FB, Pan HZ